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Исправление kostik87, (текущая версия) :

Значит правила не загружены, вывод iptables-save не должен быть пустым, как минимум вот таким:

# iptables-save 
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [1014055:137349091]
:INPUT ACCEPT [1005081:136098448]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [263549:2634716345]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [264032:2634809892]
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [1005081:136098448]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [263549:2634716345]
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017

даже если никакие правила до этого не грузились.

Сохрани вот это в файл:

# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:17:49 2017
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [5:240]
:INPUT ACCEPT [5:240]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.1.0/30 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:17:49 2017
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:17:49 2017
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [1014825:137455936]
:INPUT ACCEPT [1005822:136199745]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [263905:2634758530]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [264388:2634852077]
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:17:49 2017
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:17:49 2017
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [1005822:136199745]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [263905:2634758530]
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:17:49 2017
и загрузи через iptables-restore, всё должно работать.

Исходная версия kostik87, :

Значит правила не загружены, вывод iptables-save не должен быть пустым, как минимум вот таким:

# iptables-save 
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [1014055:137349091]
:INPUT ACCEPT [1005081:136098448]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [263549:2634716345]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [264032:2634809892]
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017
# Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [1005081:136098448]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [263549:2634716345]
COMMIT
# Completed on Wed Feb  1 13:16:26 2017

даже если никакие правила до этого не грузились.