В инструкции к сборке драйвера написано:
4. make ( your cp210x driver ) // should be able to build successfully at this point
5. cp cp210x.ko to /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/kernel/drivers/usb/serial
6a. insmod /lib/modules/<kernel-version/kernel/drivers/usb/serial/usbserial.ko
6. insmod cp210x.ko
7. sudo chmod 666 /dev/ttyUSB0
8. sudo chmod 666 /dev/ttyUSB1