Пляски с xmodmap дают результат.

xmodmap alpha400 keyboard russian 3mx

keycode 9 = Escape Escape
keycode 10 = 1 exclam exclamdown onesuperior
keycode 11 = 2 at twosuperior
keycode 12 = 3 numbersign threesuperior
keycode 13 = 4 dollar currency   sterling
keycode 14 = 5 percent EuroSign
keycode 15 = 6 asciicircum onequarter
keycode 16 = 7 ampersand onehalf
keycode 17 = 8 asterisk threequarters
keycode 18 = 9 parenleft quoteleft
keycode 19 = 0 parenright quoteright
keycode 20 = minus underscore yen
keycode 21 = equal plus multiply division
keycode 22 = BackSpace BackSpace BackSpace BackSpace
keycode 23 = Tab Tab Tab Tab
keycode 24 = q Q Cyrillic_shorti Cyrillic_SHORTI
keycode 25 = w W Cyrillic_tse Cyrillic_TSE
keycode 26 = e E Cyrillic_u Cyrillic_U
keycode 27 = r R Cyrillic_ka Cyrillic_KA
keycode 28 = t T Cyrillic_ie Cyrillic_IE
keycode 29 = y Y Cyrillic_en Cyrillic_EN
keycode 30 = u U Cyrillic_ghe Cyrillic_GHE
keycode 31 = i I Cyrillic_sha Cyrillic_SHA
keycode 32 = o O Cyrillic_shcha Cyrillic_SHCHA
keycode 33 = p P Cyrillic_ze Cyrillic_ZE
keycode 34 = bracketleft braceleft Cyrillic_ha Cyrillic_HA
keycode 35 = bracketright braceright Cyrillic_hardsign Cyrillic_HARDSIGN
keycode 36 = Return
keycode 37 = Control_L
keycode 38 = a A Cyrillic_ef Cyrillic_EF
keycode 39 = s S Cyrillic_yeru Cyrillic_YERU
keycode 40 = d D Cyrillic_ve Cyrillic_VE
keycode 41 = f F Cyrillic_a Cyrillic_A
keycode 42 = g G Cyrillic_pe Cyrillic_PE
keycode 43 = h H Cyrillic_er Cyrillic_ER
keycode 44 = j J Cyrillic_o Cyrillic_O
keycode 45 = k K Cyrillic_el Cyrillic_EL
keycode 46 = l L Cyrillic_de Cyrillic_DE
keycode 47 = semicolon colon Cyrillic_zhe Cyrillic_ZHE
keycode 48 = apostrophe quotedbl Cyrillic_e Cyrillic_E
keycode 49 = grave asciitilde Cyrillic_io Cyrillic_IO
keycode 50 = Shift_L
keycode 51 = backslash bar slash bar
keycode 52 = z Z Cyrillic_ya Cyrillic_YA
keycode 53 = x X Cyrillic_che Cyrillic_CHE
keycode 54 = c C Cyrillic_es Cyrillic_ES
keycode 55 = v V Cyrillic_em Cyrillic_EM
keycode 56 = b B Cyrillic_i Cyrillic_I
keycode 57 = n N Cyrillic_te Cyrillic_TE
keycode 58 = m M Cyrillic_softsign Cyrillic_SOFTSIGN
keycode 59 = comma less Cyrillic_be Cyrillic_BE
keycode 60 = period greater Cyrillic_yu Cyrillic_YU
keycode 61 = slash question period comma
keycode 62 = Shift_R
keycode 63 = KP_Multiply
keycode 64 = Alt_L Meta_L
keycode 65 = space space space space
keycode 66 = Caps_Lock
keycode 67 = F1 F11 F1 F11
keycode 68 = F2 F12 F2 F12
keycode 69 = F3 F13 F3 F13
keycode 70 = F4 F14 F4 F14
keycode 71 = F5 F15 F5 F15
keycode 72 = F6 F16 F6 F16
keycode 73 = F7 F17 F7 F17
keycode 74 = F8 F18 F8 F18
keycode 75 = F9 F19 F9 F19
keycode 76 = F10 F20 F10 F20
keycode 77 = Num_Lock
keycode 78 = Scroll_Lock
keycode 79 = KP_7
keycode 80 = KP_8
keycode 81 = KP_9
keycode 82 = KP_Subtract
keycode 83 = KP_4
keycode 84 = KP_5
keycode 85 = KP_6
keycode 86 = KP_Add
keycode 87 = KP_1
keycode 88 = KP_2
keycode 89 = KP_3
keycode 90 = KP_0
keycode 94 = less greater bar brokenbar
keycode 95 = F11 F11 F11 F11
keycode 96 = F12 F12 F12 F12
keycode 107 = Print
keycode 110 = Home
keycode 111 = Up
keycode 112 = Prior
keycode 113 = Left
keycode 114 = Right
keycode 115 = End
keycode 116 = Down
keycode 117 = Next
keycode 118 = Insert
keycode 119 = Delete
keycode 127 = Pause
keycode 131 = Mode_switch
!add mod2 = Mode_switch
clear lock
add mod3 = Caps_Lock
add mod3 = Mode_switch