UTF-8 в Python

<type 'str'>

>>> a = 'фыва'
>>> a.decode('utf-8')
u'\u0444\u044b\u0432\u0430'
>>> a.encode('utf-8')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xd1 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
>>> type(a)
<type 'str'>
>>> 

s = get_text_with_some_code()

txt = None
if isinstance(s, bytes):
    txt = str(s, 'utf-8')
elif isinstance(s, str):
    txt = s
else:
    do_something_else()

s = get_text_with_some_code()

txt = None
if isinstance(s, str):
    txt = unicode(s, 'utf-8')
elif isinstance(s, unicode):
    txt = s
else:
    do_something_else()

unicode_t = str if not hasattr(__builtins__, 'unicode') else unicode

s = get_text_with_some_code()

txt = None
if isinstance(s, unicode_t):
    txt = s
elif isinstance(s, bytes):
    txt = s.decode('utf-8')
else:
    do_something_else()

unicode_t = str if str is not bytes else unicode

s = get_text_with_some_code()

txt = None
if isinstance(s, unicode_t):
    txt = s
elif isinstance(s, bytes):
    txt = s.decode('utf-8')
else:
    do_something_else()

echo $LANG
locale -a
mount | grep charset

[02:36:28] alex@alex-desktop /home/alex (1)                                                                                                                                                                    
> echo $LANG
ru_RU.UTF-8
[02:38:19] alex@alex-desktop /home/alex (0)                                                                                                                                                                    
> locale -a
C
C.UTF-8
en_AG
en_AG.utf8
en_AU.utf8
en_BW.utf8
en_CA.utf8
en_DK.utf8
en_GB.utf8
en_HK.utf8
en_IE.utf8
en_IN
en_IN.utf8
en_NG
en_NG.utf8
en_NZ.utf8
en_PH.utf8
en_SG.utf8
en_US.utf8
en_ZA.utf8
en_ZM
en_ZM.utf8
en_ZW.utf8
POSIX
ru_RU.utf8
ru_UA.utf8

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from __future__ import unicode_literals

#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
#    (at your option) any later version.

#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.

#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

#import urlparse
#import getopt
#import sys

import sys
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf8')

from sys import version as python_version
from cgi import parse_header, parse_multipart
if python_version.startswith('3'):
	from urllib.parse import parse_qs
	from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
else:
	from urlparse import parse_qs

import BaseHTTPServer
import clementineDriver as Clementine
import web as Web
import functionality as Functionality
import config

#import os

class RequestHandler (BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
	
		
	def do_POST (self):
		print '================================= Request ===================================';
		ctype, pdict = parse_header(self.headers.getheader("content-type"))
		actionCode = '--'
		
		if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
			postvars = parse_multipart(self.rfile, pdict)
		elif ctype == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
			length = int(self.headers.getheader('content-length'))
			postvars = parse_qs(self.rfile.read(length), keep_blank_values=1)
		else:
			postvars = {}
		
		self.web = None
		self.web = Web.Web()
		if self.connectToClementine():
			backend = Functionality.Functionality(self.path,self.clementine)
		
			if 'action' in postvars:
				actionCode = self.cleanParameter(postvars['action'])
				print 'action: '+actionCode
				if 'value' in postvars:
					actionValue = self.cleanParameter(postvars['value'])
				else:
					actionValue = 0
				print 'value: '+actionValue
				result = backend.actionRun(actionCode, actionValue)
			else:
				result = 'noaction'
				
			self.web.reply(self.wfile,self.clementine,backend,result)
		else:
			self.wfile.write('disconnect')
		
		return

fileHandle = open(fileName.decode('utf-8'), 'w')

>>> str = u"Проверка"
>>> print str
Проверка
>>> str
u'\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430'

>>> print "\xd1\x84\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb9\xd0\xbb"
файл
>>> source = open("\xd1\x84\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb9\xd0\xbb", "w")
>>> source.write("hello?")
>>> source.close()
>>> source = open("файл", "r")
>>> source.read(6)
hello?